A Pair of Kings
I've written on more than
one occasion concerning Old Testament characters whose lives serve as types or foreshadowings of Christ, but it recently hit me that I had
overlooked someone. And just exactly who did I overlook? Just the one man who
was without a doubt the most important foreshadowing of Christ who ever lived
throughout the entire span of biblical history, that's all.
And as the title of this
article suggests, that man who was easily the most important foreshadowing of
the King of kings was a king himself—Israel's greatest in the opinion of any
Bible scholar you care to ask, be they Jew or Gentile. And I have a sneaky
feeling that most of you scriptural sleuths out there
have probably already figured out who I am referring to:
King David
You might say that God
used David to construct the prophetic scaffolding for Christ's role as the
Messiah: His earthly ministry, His future reign in the Millennial Kingdom, and
His reign as the King of Creation for all eternity. So
David and Jesus are the "pair of kings" we are going to look at in
this article.
There are numerous
parallels between David and Jesus, and as I often do I
am going to narrow it down a bit to a Top 10 list: 10 ways in which the lives
of these two kings are strikingly similar. In addition, I want to look at
several Old Testament prophecies that connect David to Jesus, and that
effectively present us with the greatest paradox of all time:
A supreme paradox that
remained a
mystery until the nature of God's plan
of redemption was revealed to man.
And it was the King of
kings Himself who began to reveal the true nature of that paradoxical plan of
redemption two thousand years ago during His time on earth, finally hammering
home the key aspect of that plan by being crucified, buried in a rich man's
tomb, and on the third day rising from the grave and returning to life to the
ecstatic astonishment of His disciples and followers.
Today, those blessed to
have come to an understanding of God's plan of salvation can see God's plan
being clearly expressed in the text of the Old Testament. We understand through
the benefit of hindsight what the Old Testament prophets are talking about. To
us it's not paradoxical at all—it's right there in
black and white...we get it. But God deliberately couched the details of
His plan in a comparatively cryptic manner so that no one would clearly
understand it until the crucial events actually occurred.
And "no one"
included Satan.
God's useful idiot: I've written about this before, but
understand that prior to the Crucifixion, Satan had been a busy boy ever since
Adam and Eve got evicted from the Garden of Eden, doing his best to thwart
God's plan by killing or disqualifying in some manner anyone he suspected might
be the "seed of the woman" who would "crush his head" that
God had promised to send in Genesis 3:15—in other words, Christ, the coming
Redeemer.
Remember: Satan can
quote every word of Scripture. Yet when Pilate asked the crowd that day what
they wanted him to do with Jesus after he pardoned Barabbas, I have no doubt
that Satan and a gaggle of his demons were scurrying about prompting the crowd
to shout "Crucify Him!" And for a while
(well, less than three days) Satan believed he had finally won. That is, until
he got an unexpected visitor down in Sheol who stopped by to do a little
preaching and gather the righteous dead from Paradise and relocate them to
heaven. And how could He do that? Because His perfect
sacrifice had removed their sin that had previously only been covered by the
blood of barnyard animals.
The point is that if
Satan had actually been able to understood
the details of God's plan from the text of Scripture, he would have been
prompting the crowd to shout for Pilate to crucify Barabbas!
God played Satan like a Stradivarius, and used him as an unwitting tool to help
carry out His plan with exacting precision. And guess what? God's gonna play him again during the Tribulation, as
Satan and his stooge play their preordained roles in the judgments of Daniel's
70th Week. The Antichrist will fail in his efforts to wipe out the Jewish
remnant for his boss, and that's key because it is the Jewish remnant who will
call on the Lord to save them at the climax of the Tribulation and thus trigger
the Second Coming.
My point is that God's
plan of redemption is spelled out in His Word, but nobody, including Satan,
figured out the details until it was a done deal.
OK, down to business. Here
are my Top 10 parallels that show what a remarkable foreshadowing the King of
Israel is of the King of Creation.
Parallels between David and Jesus
1. Origins.
Both David and Jesus were born in the same town: Bethlehem.
David was born in Bethlehem (1 Sam. 17:12), the youngest son of Jesse.
Matthew and Luke both tell us Jesus was born in Bethlehem, and Luke refers to Bethlehem as "the City of David" (Matt. 2:1; Luke 2:4–6).
Jesus' birth in Bethlehem also fulfilled a prophecy in Micah:
2But you, Bethlehem Ephratah, [Ephratah: another name for Bethlehem] though you be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of you shall he come forth to me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting. [This is the Messiah, and note how this has clear overtones of eternal existence.]
(Micah 5:2 AKJV / emphasis & [comments] added)
Micah wrote this over two centuries after the death of David, and during that time Bethlehem had become famous as the birthplace of Israel's greatest king. And in the messianic fever that began to grow after the Roman occupation of Israel began in AD 6–7, the fact that Jesus was born in Bethlehem would have sent a clear, prophetic message to those who were actively looking for the arrival of the Messiah.
So right from the beginning, Jesus the Messiah was being linked to David in terms of where He would be born.
2.
Tending sheep.
Both David and Jesus were shepherds.
As the youngest of eight sons, the future king of all of Israel was saddled with the duty of tending his father's sheep in the Bethlehem area (1 Sam. 17:15).
In John's Gospel, Jesus refers to Himself as "the Good Shepherd," and proceeds to spin this into a beautiful description of His relationship with believers:
11I am the good shepherd. [He is the Shepherd and believers are His sheep.] The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. 12He who is a hired hand, and not a shepherd, who doesn't own the sheep, sees the wolf coming, leaves the sheep, and flees. The wolf snatches the sheep and scatters them. 13The hired hand flees because he is a hired hand and doesn't care for the sheep. 14I am the good shepherd. I know my own, and I'm known by my own; 15even as the Father knows me, and I know the Father. I lay down my life for the sheep. 16I have other sheep which are not of this fold. [He is initially speaking to Israel, but now refers to Gentiles.] I must bring them also, and they will hear my voice. They will become one flock with one shepherd."
(John 10:11–16 / emphasis & [comments] added)
3. Sibling dynamics.
Both David and Jesus had issues with their siblings.
For one thing, both David and Jesus were chosen by God and rose to prominence over their brothers. In 1 Samuel 16:1–13, God sends the prophet Samuel to pay a visit to David's father Jesse in Bethlehem for the express purpose of anointing one of his sons as king.
But God doesn't tell Samuel beforehand which one to anoint.
One by one, Jesse's sons appear before Samuel, and one by one Samuel says, "The LORD hasn't chosen this one." After Jesse's seven oldest sons have passed before Samuel and been rejected, Samuel asks if there are any more sons to consider. Jesse admits there is the still the youngest, who is out tending sheep. Samuel insists on waiting until they can go get him and bring him in to stand before him. When David is finally brought in, God says to Samuel:
"Anoint him, for he is the one."
The Gospels tell us Jesus had (at least) four brothers (James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas) and two unnamed sisters; but like David, Jesus was "the One." Matthew and Mark both mention these siblings when they describe the dismissive skepticism Jesus faced when He returned to Nazareth (Matt. 13:53–58; Mark 6:1–6). He was born in Bethlehem, but grew up in Nazareth.
But back home in Nazareth, Jesus was just "the carpenter's son."
In addition, both David and Jesus were mocked by their brothers.
David's oldest brother Eliab ridiculed his kid brother when he showed up and was prepared to accept the challenge of facing Goliath (1 Sam. 17:28–30).
Jesus' brothers didn't believe He was the Messiah, and mockingly challenged Him to go to the celebration of the Feast of Tabernacles in Jerusalem and publicly reveal Himself as such if He really was what He claimed. Jesus told them His "time had not yet come," and ended up going to the feast in His own time and in His own way (John 7:1–13).
Christ's brothers became believers after the Resurrection, and James went on to become an important leader in the early Church and authored the New Testament book that bears his name.
4. Anointing for their roles.
Both David and Jesus were anointed for their future roles.
David was actually anointed as king three times:
• He was anointed be the future king as in #3 above (1 Sam. 16:13).
• He was later anointed to be king of Judah (2 Sam. 2:4).
• Finally, he was anointed to be king over all of Israel (2 Sam. 5:3–4).
Jesus was anointed for His role as Prophet, Priest, and King when He was baptized by John in the Jordan River. And the Father announced His approval from heaven as the Holy Spirit descended upon His Son like a dove.
Also, both David and Jesus were anointed for their roles at about the age of 30 (2 Sam. 5:4; Luke 3:23). (For David, this applies to his third anointing.)
5. Waiting to rule.
Both David and Jesus had/have to wait for the appropriate time to rule.
Note that David had to wait for his time to fully rule as king of Israel. David was initially anointed while Saul was still king, and had to wait a number of years before assuming his full kingship.
Although Christ has been anointed to be the eternal King of kings, you might say His Kingship has a sort of "already-but-not-yet" quality to it. In Ephesians 1:15–23, Paul explains how after God the Father raised Jesus from the dead, He seated Him at His right hand, "far above all rule, authority, power, dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this age, but also in that which is to come" (Eph. 1:21).
But Christ has not yet assumed His full Kingship in the form taking the throne of David...that will come at the inauguration of the Millennial Kingdom, after He has made His enemies His footstool during the Great Tribulation.
6. Rejection.
Both David and Jesus had to deal with being rejected by their own people.
David faced the treason and treachery of his son Absalom, who led a rebellion against him. The bulk of the story appears in 2 Samuel 13–19.
Absalom rebelled against his father, and sought to undermine David's authority. After Absalom arranged for his loyal followers to proclaim him "king," the conflict between father and son intensified. But after Absalom was killed in David's successful counter-offensive (and against his orders), as a father he grieved deeply and openly for his treasonous son, pouring cold water on Israel's victory celebration. David's open expressions of grief after Israel's victory so perturbed his military commander Joab that he accused David of "loving those who hated him and hating those who loved him" (2 Sam. 19:5–6).
Loving the unlovable: One thing about David's relationship with his son Absalom that finally jumped out and slapped me square in the face was the fact that no matter how bad Absalom was (and he was very bad)—no matter how treasonous or treacherous he became, Scripture makes it crystal clear that David's love for his son never died. You know, the Word says David was a man after God's own heart (1 Sam. 13:14), but this shows us something more. David was more than just a man after God's own heart:
David was a man with a
heart like God's own heart.
David deeply loved his son the way the best of fathers loves the best of sons in the best of times, even though that son had become utterly unlovable and had essentially devolved into a dangerous, traitorous enemy.
Don't look now, but that's
exactly the way God loves us.
8But God commends his own love toward us, in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.
(Romans 5:8)
Jesus was utterly rejected by the Jewish religious leaders, and the tension between them steadily increased throughout His public ministry.
The scribes and the Pharisees would often ask or secretly arrange for others to ask Jesus loaded questions—questions craftily designed so that no matter how Jesus responded, they could spin it into something they could use to cause the common people to turn against from Him. It always blew up in their faces, however, because Jesus invariably gave them an answer they didn't see coming and that left them in stunned silence...and made them look like fools.
That's one reason they simply had to take Him out.
Their hatred for Jesus finally reached the boiling point: With the cooperation of their Roman masters, the Jewish religious leaders plotted to have Jesus arrested, illegally tried on false charges, and crucified by the Romans (because the Jews lost the legal authority to carry out capital punishment when the Romans took over the region in AD 6–7).
7. Betrayed by someone close.
Both David and Jesus were betrayed by someone close to them.
David's trusted counselor Ahithophel betrayed him during the rebellion led by David's son Absalom that I mentioned in #6 above (2 Sam. 16–17).
Jesus was betrayed by one of His disciples, Judas. Judas excused himself from the Last Supper to go make a deal with the chief priests to lead the Romans to Jesus later that night on the Mount of Olives where they were camped.
It is also worth noting that both Ahithophel and Judas hung themselves after their acts of betrayal (2 Sam. 17:23; Matt. 27:5).
8. Conquering enemies.
Both David and Jesus conquered powerful enemies.
The one that leaps to mind for David is the Philistine giant Goliath. There is some controversy over Goliath's actual height, since many translations say "six cubits and a span" (9'9"), while the Septuagint reads "four cubits and a span" (6'9"). And there are other guesstimates besides these. Many commentators today tend to go with the latter, but either way Goliath was one big dude.
But however tall Goliath was, it wasn't just his height—from all indications he was monstrously strong. Bible scholars say that according to 1 Samuel 17:5, Goliath's armor weighed 125 pounds. But more importantly, he was apparently a highly skilled and terrifyingly fierce warrior that made a formidable opponent for any foe of any stature under any circumstances.
So when a teenage shepherd boy came out that day to challenge him armed with nothing but his staff and a sling, Goliath mocked him:
43The Philistine said to David, "Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?" The Philistine cursed David by his gods.
(1 Samuel 17:43)
David didn't mock Goliath...he didn't need to. David just spelled out for him the simple reality of the situation:
45Then said David to the Philistine, You come to me with a sword, and with a spear, and with a shield: but I come to you in the name of the LORD of hosts...
(1 Samuel 17:45a)
David had also placed five smooth, round stones in his pouch. But thanks to the LORD of hosts...
He only needed one.
Later as king, David went on to win 11 major military victories, thus helping Israel secure and expand its territory.
When we talk about the King of Creation, however, you can forget about big, strong guys with big, heavy swords (and big, loud mouths). When Jesus died on the cross and rose from the grave to never die again, He conquered the most powerful and pervasive enemy that ever existed:
Death.
9. Attracting the outcasts.
The early followers of both David and Jesus were the dregs of society.
David's first followers were people who were of society's lower class:
2Everyone who was in distress, everyone who was in debt, and everyone who was discontented gathered themselves to him; [i.e. to a young David] and he became captain over them. There were with him about four hundred men.
(1 Samuel 22:2 / emphasis & [comments] added)
Likewise, many of Christ's followers were also of the outcast demographic: the poor, the weak, the lowly, the unlearned, etc. And as Paul explains in his first letter to the believers in Corinth, God arranged it that way for a reason:
26For you see your calling, brothers, that not many are wise according to the flesh, not many mighty, and not many noble; 27but God chose the foolish things of the world that he might put to shame those who are wise. God chose the weak things of the world that he might put to shame the things that are strong. 28God chose the lowly things of the world, and the things that are despised, and the things that don't exist, that he might bring to nothing the things that exist, 29that no flesh should boast before God.
(1 Corinthians 1:26–29 / emphasis added)
As Paul puts it in his second letter to those same believers:
9He has said to me, "My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness." Most gladly therefore I will rather glory in my weaknesses, that the power of Christ may rest on me. 10Therefore I take pleasure in weaknesses, in injuries, in necessities, in persecutions, and in distresses, for Christ's sake. For when I am weak, then am I strong.
(2 Corinthians 12:9–10 / emphasis added)
10. Crying and dying in Jerusalem.
Both David and Jesus wept over tragic events pertaining to Jerusalem.
As David's son Absalom stirred up rebellion against his father and headed toward Jerusalem in attack mode, David was compelled to flee the city. As he fled Jerusalem heading east, he walked up the Mount of Olives, weeping over the heartbreaking events that were overtaking him (2 Sam. 15:30): how his own son had violently turned against him and was now coming to attack him in Jerusalem, and how his own sin in regard to Bathsheba and her husband Uriah had contributed to the calamities he was currently going through.
As Jesus approached Jerusalem for the final week of His earthly ministry, He approached the city from the east, coming down the Mount of Olives toward the city. As He did so, Jesus wept as well:
41When he came near, he saw the city [Jerusalem] and wept over it, 42saying, "If you, even you, had known today the things which belong to your peace! But now, they are hidden from your eyes. 43For the days will come on you when your enemies will throw up a barricade against you, surround you, hem you in on every side, 44and will dash you and your children within you to the ground. They will not leave in you one stone on another, because you didn't know the time of your visitation." [That is, because you failed to recognize your Messiah when He arrived, in spite of all the compelling evidence.]
(Luke 19:41–44 / emphasis & [comments] added)
Not only did David and Jesus both weep on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, they both died in Jerusalem. However, their deaths obviously came under radically different circumstances and had radically different outcomes.
Now I want to discuss several Old Testament prophecies that connect David with Jesus, and I want you to see clearly how these prophecies present us with a startling paradox that forms the crux of God's plan of redemption that no one understood or saw coming until the events of Passion Week unfolded.
Prophecies connecting David with Jesus
There are many prophecies scattered throughout the Old Testament that prophesy very similar things concerning the nature of the relationship between David and Jesus, but for the sake of simplicity I decided to narrow it down to three that serve as models for what is prophesied in a number of other places: three prophecies that effectively serve to drive home the key points.
1. The Davidic Covenant.
God gave the fundamental promise of an eternal kingdom that would be ruled forever by one of David's future physical descendants to the prophet Nathan, who delivered it to David in person. This prophecy clearly establishes the eternal connection between David and the Messiah:
12When your days [speaking
to David]
are fulfilled and you sleep with your fathers, I will set up your offspring
after you, who will proceed out of your body, [this
can only be referring to a literal, physical ancestor] and I will establish
his kingdom. 13He will build a house for my name, and I
will establish the throne of his kingdom forever. [Key
word: "forever."] 14I will be his father,
and he will be my son. If he commits iniquity, [see
remarks below]
I will chasten him with the rod of men and with the stripes of the children of
men; 15but my loving kindness will not depart from him, as I
took it from Saul, whom I put away before you. 16Your house
and your kingdom will be made sure forever before you. Your throne will
be established forever. [That key word "forever" is
repeatedly emphasized.]
(2 Samuel 7:12–16 / emphasis
& [comments] added)
In regard to verse 14, note that
although this prophecy is ultimately focused on one certain future descendant
of David (i.e. Jesus), some of the phrasing applies broadly to the entire line
of David's descendants who ruled, and verse 14 is an example. "If he commits
iniquity" obviously doesn't apply to Jesus, who knew no sin. But it does
apply generally to David's other descendants beginning
with Solomon, the son that took David's throne after him. Solomon ultimately
fell into idolatry thanks in large part to his legion of foreign wives.
2. The Christmas prophecy.
One of the most popular
lines of Scripture quoted at Christmas time comes from the book of Isaiah, and
it is a powerful prophecy that speaks to the future Messiah who will sit on
David's throne and rule forever. It also pegs the Messiah as a physical descendant
of David, yet ruling for eternity:
6For to us a child is
born, to us a son is given: [that means the Messiah must be physically
human] and
the government shall be on his shoulder: and his name shall be called
Wonderful, Counselor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, [...and
also have a divine nature] The Prince of Peace.
7Of the increase of his
government and peace there shall be no end, [our
key word, just phrased differently] on the throne of David, [there's the Messiah's
connection to David] and on his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with
judgment and with justice from now on even for ever.
[There's that key word again.] The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this.
(Isaiah 9:6–7 AKJV / emphasis
& [comments] added)
Well, when a child is
born (v. 6), we know it's physically human. But that child is divine
(v. 6), will rule on the throne of David (v. 7), and will rule forever
(v. 7), which humans cannot physically do. Did I miss anything?
3.
The Lord of lords.
This is one of the most
frequently quoted Old Testament passages in the entire New Testament...not to
mention one of the most baffling:
1The LORD said to my
Lord, Sit you at my right hand, until I make your
enemies your footstool.
(Psalm 110:1 AKJV)
The psalm was written by
David, and David is the first-person narrator here. In other words, God the
Father is speaking to someone that David calls "my Lord," and it is
understood in the psalm that the LORD (God the Father) is talking about the
Messiah. The Pharisees understood the part about the Messiah sitting at God's
right hand and His enemies being made His footstool. But...
T-I-L-T: In the psalm, David
himself is referring to the Messiah, which everyone knew had to be a physical
descendant of David...the Pharisees had a handle on that part. But here's David
referring to that Messiah as "my Lord," clearly communicating that
the Messiah is not merely his physical descendant, but also his
superior/master/leader/divine ruler.
Wait a second...excuse
me?! T-I-L-T!!
There's simply no way to
explain this in natural terms. Jesus used this same verse to stump the
Pharisees during the last week of His earthly ministry:
41Now while the Pharisees
were gathered together, Jesus asked them a question, 42saying,
"What do you think of the Christ? Whose son is
he?" They said to him, "Of David." 43He said
to them, "How then does David in the Spirit call him Lord, saying,
44'The Lord said to my
Lord, sit on my right hand, until I make your enemies a footstool for your
feet'? [quoting
Psalm 110:1]
45"If then David
calls him Lord, how is he his son?" [Welcome
to the supreme paradox.] 46No one was able to answer him a word,
neither did any man dare ask him any more questions from that day forward.
(Matthew
22:41–46 / emphasis & [comments] added)
The Pharisees were
brilliant biblical scholars to a man, but Jesus' question put them to silence.
That's because there is
only one answer, and only the Resurrection would reveal that answer: The
Messiah would be someone born into this world as a physical human, who later
turns out to be an eternal, divine Being.
That is, the Messiah had
to be David's
descendant who was also David's Lord.
As I said, these prophecies reveal the crucial relationship between King David and the King of Creation, and there are a number of other prophecies throughout the Old Testament that speak to similar aspects of this relationship, perhaps phrased differently or emphasizing different details. If you're interested, have a look at some the following passages:
• Jeremiah 23:5–6; 33:15–17
• Zechariah 3:8; 6:12
• Ezekiel 34:23–24; 37:24–25
• Psalm 89:3–4, 35–37
• Isaiah 11:1, 10
And that leaves us at the doorstep of our paradox.
The
supreme paradox
These three prophecies
clearly convey the nature of David's prophetic relationship with Jesus, and in
the process reveal our paradox.
Scripture simply leaves no way around it. The Messiah absolutely has to be...
1. HUMAN. Why? He has to be David's physical descendant.
2. DIVINE. Why? He has to be David's Lord who will reign for eternity on David's throne.
God's Word couldn't be any clearer, no matter how hard anyone tries to ignore it, allegorize it away, or bury it under tons of vague misdirection.
The key to our supreme paradox is buried in Old Testament prophecy, but it's something that no one ever grasped before it actually happened:
The Creator God described in His Word exists in the form of three distinct, divine Persons: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. God the Father sent His divine Son to be born into the world in a body of flesh and live a life as a man—and as a physical descendant of King David. His Son, the Messiah, was crucified and buried—dead as a doornail.
\o/ \o/ But... \o/ \o/
On the third day He rose from the grave in a glorified body, never to taste death again. He conquered death, and His death paid sin's penalty on our behalf. He will live forever as the King of Creation, and will rule for eternity on the Throne of David. All those who place their faith in Him and what He accomplished through His sacrifice will also live forever with Him.
The basic problem is that the "But..." part, the Resurrection, was buried in obscurity until it actually happened.
• The reality of the Resurrection is the one thing that threads every prophetic needle along the path that connects David and Jesus throughout the entire Old Testament, and unravels the supreme paradox in a straightforward manner.
• The reality of the Resurrection is the one thing that makes all the prophecies connecting King David and the King of Creation—the pair of kings we have been discussing in this article—fit together and make perfect sense.
• Most importantly, the reality of the Resurrection is the one thing that makes our salvation and our eternal reconciliation to a holy God possible. Without it, any such notions concerning our "salvation" collapse like a house of cards, and the very foundation of the gospel crumbles like a stale Christmas cookie.
Paul affirms this truth in his first letter to the believers in Corinth:
13But if there is no resurrection of the dead, [this is the argument Paul is attacking] neither has Christ been raised. 14If Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is in vain and your faith also is in vain.
(1 Corinthians 15:13–14 / emphasis & [comments] added)
In other words, it comes down to this:
If Christ didn't rise from the dead,
then He was delusional charlatan,
the Bible is a pack of lies and legends,
and believers are fools for falling for it.
But I've got some Good News for you:
Christ DID rise from the dead!
And you don't have to take my word for it, because there is
strong, reliable, historical evidence that supports it, to the brow-furrowing consternation of uninformed
skeptics and naysayers.
So our pair of kings tell a
magnificent story, and I pray everyone reading this has come to a
life-changing, eternity-altering understanding of that story.
Incidentally, speaking of "a pair of
kings," you might have assumed I was thinking of poker when I chose that
line as the title of this article.
Well, indeed I was...but I have a confession
to make:
I laugh every time I think about poker,
because back in the day people who knew me and knew I was pretty
sharp at math (BS with honors from UIUC) would often assume I must be a
pretty good poker player. Until we actually sit down
and played, that is, and they discovered to their surprise (and delight)
how completely, utterly, hopelessly lousy I am at it.
"They say poker is a zero-sum game. It
must be, because every time I play my sum ends up zero."
— Max Shapiro,
poker columnist/humorist
From Greg Lauer @ A Little Strength—MAR '26


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